Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels(arteries, capillaries and veins).[1] Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, principally cardiac disease, vascular diseases of the brain and kidney, and peripheral arterial disease.[2] The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and/or hypertension are the most common.
Cardiovascular diseases remain the biggest cause of deaths worldwide, though over the last two decades, cardiovascular mortality rates have declined in many high-income countries. At the same time cardiovascular deaths and disease have increased at an astonishingly fast rate in low- and middle-income countries.[3] Although cardiovascular disease usually affects older adults, the antecedants of cardiovascular disease, notably atherosclerosisbegin in early life, making primary prevention efforts necessary from childhood.[4] There is therefore increased emphasis on preventing atherosclerosis by modifying risk factors, such as healthy eating, exercise, and avoidance of smoking.
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